Heart attack is a disease of the circulatory System
Heart attack is a disease of the circulatory System
Ang presyon ng dugo ay isa sa mga pangunahing indikasyon ng kalusugan, na hindi lamang sumasalamin sa puso at sistema ng sirkulasyon, kundi pati na rin sa aktibidad ng mga bato, mga organo ng endokrin, paggawa ng dugo, at ng sistema ng nerbiyos. Kaya naman, walang isang unibersal na gamot laban sa mataas na presyon ng dugo. Hindi ka basta basta puwedeng pumunta sa botika at magtanong ng 'tableta para sa presyon,' kasi agad na tatanungin ng parmasyutiko – anong gamot ang nireseta sa iyo ng doktor?
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Heart attack: A disease of the cardiovascular systemThe heart attack, known medically as myocardial infarction of the myocardium, is one of the most important diseases of the cardiovascular system and is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is caused by an acute disruption of blood supply to the heart muscle (myocardium), which is mostly due to a closure of education in one or more of the coronary arteries.PathophysiologyDieursächliche mechanism of heart attack is the formation of Thrombi on the basis of a pre-existing atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is usually. In atherosclerosis lipids, in particular, LDL‑cholesterol to accumulate in the arterial wall interior to form Plaques (vascular plaques). If such a Plaque becomes unstable and ruptures, it activates the coagulation system: It is a Thrombus (blood clot) that occludes the artery partially or completely formed. As a result, the oxygen supply to the connected to the heart muscle tissue is interrupted. Without adequate oxygen and nutrient supply to the tissue begins to die within a few minutes (necrotizing).SymptomsThe typical symptoms of a heart attack include:fierce, radiate, pressing or burning pain behind the breastbone (Retrosterbralschmerzen), often to the left Arm, the shoulder, the neck, or jaw;Shortness of breath;profuse sweating (diaphoresis);Nausea and possibly vomiting;Feeling of anxiety and restlessness.It is important to note that the symptoms may extend, in particular in the case of women, the elderly and patients with Diabetes mellitus, atypical. In these cases, nonspecific complaints such as fatigue, shortness of breath without pain or gastrointestinal complaints in the fore often.DiagnosticsThe diagnosis of myocardial infarction is made by a combination of different methods of investigation:History and physical examination: assessment of the symptoms and risk factors.Electrocardiogram (ECG) Shows typical changes such as ST‑segment elevation (STEMI) or ST‑depression and T‑wave Inversion (NSTEMI).Laboratory diagnosis: detection of elevated cardiac muscle enzymes in the blood, in particular Troponin T or I, are specific to a damage of the myocardium.Imaging procedures: coronary angiography for the visualization of the closures in the heart arteries.TherapyThe goal of the therapy is the quickest possible restoration of the blood circulation of the affected heart muscle region. The main measures are:Thrombolysis: Drug dissolution of the Thrombus (if early catheter intervention is not possible).Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI): the use of a balloon catheter and possible stent implantation for the re-opening of the closed artery.Drug therapy: administration of anticoagulants (e.g., ACE, Clopidogrel), beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and statins to reduce risk and improve the prognosis.PreventionEffective prevention of heart attack is based on the modification of risk factors:High blood pressure control;a healthy diet with a low content of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol;regular physical activity;Waiver of Smoking;Weight control and treatment of Diabetes mellitus.In summary, the heart attack is a life-threatening disease, which can be combated by means of a rapid diagnosis and therapy as well as long-term preventive measures effectively. A better understanding of its pathophysiology and risk factors is essential to reduce the incidence and mortality of this disease further.
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Functional disorders of the cardiovascular system: causes, symptoms, and treatment approachesThe cardiovascular system is a complex network that is for the supply of the entire body with oxygen and nutrients responsible. Functional diseases of this system are characterized in that they have no structural damage to the heart or the vessels, however, lead to an impairment of the normal function.Definition and delimitationFunctional disorders is a group of conditions in which the physiological regulatory processes of the cardiovascular system are disturbed, without organic changes can be detected. In contrast to organic diseases such as coronary heart disease, or valvular Heart no anatomical Defects here. Typical examples are:the orthostatic hypotension;the syndrome of Hyper-kinetic heartbeat;the neuro-circulatory dystonia (also known as vegetative dystonia referred to);the Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia syndrome (POTS).Causes and PathomechanismsDieusache of functional disorders is often multifactorial and can include the following aspects:Dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system: disturbances in the Regulation of heart rate and blood pressure by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.Hormonal changes: in particular, in women during Menopause or in the context of thyroid disorders.Psychosomatic factors such as Stress, anxiety and depression can intensify the symptoms or cause.Genetic Disposition: Familial clusters at a genetic component.Environmental and lifestyle factors: a Lack of physical activity, unhealthy diet, Smoking and alcohol consumption.SymptomsThe symptoms are varied and often nonspecific, which complicates the diagnosis. Among the most common complaints:Heart palpitations (Tachykarie), or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia);Dizziness and fainting tendency, especially when getting Up;Fatigue and power loss;Shortness of breath and low stress;cold hands and feet as a sign of a disturbed Perfusion;Pain in the chest, but not ischemic in nature.DiagnosticsA differentiated diagnosis is essential to organic diseases. These include:History and physical examination;Long‑term ECG and blood pressure monitoring (24‑hour Monitoring);Stress Testing (Spiroergometry);Ultrasound examination of the heart (echocardiography);Laboratory parameters to the exclusion of the diagnosis (e.g., Thyroid hormone levels, electrolytes).Therapeutic ApproachesThe treatment depends on the individual symptoms and the triggering factors. It includes:Behavioral and lifestyle changes, regular physical activity, adequate fluid intake, reduction of caffeine and alcohol.Psychotherapeutic measures: in particular, in the case of psychosomatic shares (e.g., cognitive-behavioral therapy).Drug therapy: if necessary, Beta‑Blocker to control the heart rate, mineral intake (such as salt) in the case of hypotension.Patient education: teaching of relaxation techniques and stress management strategies.Prognosis and conclusionFunctional disorders of the cardiovascular system are often distressing for the victims, as a rule lead to life-threatening complications. Early diagnosis and multimodal therapy, a significant improvement in the quality of life. Further research is required to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms and to develop more personalized treatment strategies.
